Adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive use in undergraduate pharmacy students: a cross-sectional study

Abstract We aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive (OHC) use and their associated factors in undergraduate pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using an online questionnaire for female students of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo from July to August 2020. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, which was followed by determining the prevalence ratios to identify possible factors associated with adverse events resulting from OHC. A total of 269 valid responses were obtained, among which 50.2% (n = 135) of the students reported using OHC as a contraceptive method and 21.2% (n = 57) affirmed that they had at least one adverse event related to OHC use, which corresponds to 42.2% of those who had used OHC. The most common adverse event was headache (70.2%), and a period of less than one month was the most cited (49.1%). Only migraine comorbidity was associated with the occurrence of adverse events related to OHC. These findings reinforce the high incidence of adverse events among OHC users and the low rate of discontinuation due to these events. There is a need to provide more information on contraceptive methods to users, including its risks and contraindications.

É brincando que se aprende! Uso de jogos educativos como estratégia na construção do conhecimento em Assistência Farmacêutica / Learning through play. Use of educational games as a knowledge building strategy in the area of Pharmaceutical Services / ¡Jugando se aprende! Uso de juegos educativos como estrategia en la construcción del conocimiento en Asistencia Farmacéutica

A educação centrada no estudante, como principal responsável na construção do seu próprio conhecimento, é extremamente importante para que as metodologias de ensino tradicionais cada vez mais sejam substituídas por metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem. Trata-se de relato de experiência entre monitores e docente da disciplina de Política de Saúde e Gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica do curso de Farmácia da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), com o objetivo de relatar a experiência no desenvolvimento de jogos educativos como estratégia na construção do conhecimento na área da Assistência Farmacêutica. A gamificação se mostrou uma estratégia pedagógica aplicável ao ensino remoto e em turmas com grande quantidade de estudantes, sendo capaz de motivar e facilitar o aprendizado, tornando esse processo mais prazeroso e estimulando os estudantes de Farmácia a superarem os seus próprios resultados de aprendizagem. (AU)

The adoption of a student-centered learning approach as the main means of building students' knowledge is extremely important to ensure that traditional teaching methodologies are increasingly replaced by active teaching-learning methodologies. The aim of this experience report involving monitors and professors on the module Health Policy and Pharmaceutical Care Management of the pharmacy degree offered by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo was to document the experience of developing educational games as a knowledge building strategy in the area of Pharmaceutical Services. Gamification showed itself to be a teaching strategy that can be applied to remote teaching with large classes, being capable of motivating and facilitating learning, making the process more pleasurable and encouraging pharmacy students to surpass their learning outcomes. (AU)

La educación centrada en el estudiante como principal responsable por la construcción de su propio conocimiento es extremadamente importante pensando en que las metodologías de enseñanzas tradicionales sean cada vez más substituidas por metodologías activas de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se trata de un relato de experiencia entre monitores y docente de la asignatura de Política de Salud y Gestión de la Asistencia Farmacéutica del curso de Farmacia de la Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de la Universidad de São Paulo, con el objetivo de relatar la experiencia en el desarrollo de juegos educativos como estrategia en la construcción del conocimiento en el área de la Asistencia Farmacéutica. La ramificación mostró ser una estrategia pedagógica aplicable a la enseñanza remota y en grupos con gran cantidad de estudiantes, siendo capaz de motivar y facilitar el aprendizaje, haciendo el proceso más placentero e incentivando a los estudiantes de farmacia a superar sus propios resultados de aprendizaje. (AU)

Perceptions of Pharmacy students about their competences for professional practice in community pharmacy

Abstract Pharmaceutical education should enable the development of competences for community pharmacy practice, which is an important field for the pharmacist workforce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the competences perceived by pharmacy interns from a Brazilian pharmacy school for community pharmacy practice. This study adopted a combined quantitative and qualitative approach. The study cohort included undergraduate students who undertook internships in community pharmacy in the final year of the pharmacy course. Students responded to an 11-item structured questionnaire according to a five-point Likert scale that included perceptions of their competences for community pharmacy practice. Among the 693 possible answers, 605 (87.3%) agreed that the course promoted the development of competences for professional practice in community pharmacy. Less than 70% of students perceived themselves as prepared to respond to symptoms and provide non-prescription medicines. Qualitative analysis of the comments revealed three themes: the need to improve patient information skills, improve practice as a member of a health care team, and improve dispensing according to legal requirements. These findings may support improvements in undergraduate pharmacy programs, such as the inclusion of experiential learning, active learning methods, interprofessional education, and development of clinical skills.

Dermatoses psicossomáticas em estudantes da área da saúde / Psychosomatic dermatoses in undergraduate health students

Objetivo Este artigo almejou comparar a frequência de dermatoses psicossomáticas e a qualidade de vida de estudantes universitários da área de saúde. Métodos Neste estudo analítico, transversal e quantitativo, foram aplicados dois questionários online para estudantes da saúde: World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version, para avaliar a qualidade de vida, e outro elaborado pelos pesquisadores para analisar a frequência de oito psicodermatoses e sua relação com o estresse, o desconforto com as lesões e a busca pela ajuda médica ou psicológica. Para aferir a relação entre as dermatoses psicossomáticas e a qualidade de vida, foi considerado p<0,05 do teste qui-quadrado. Resultados Participaram do estudo 608 estudantes. A dermatose mais frequente foi escoriação (37,99%), seguida de retirada de cutícula, mordida em lábios e bochechas (32,40%) e prurido psicogênico (14,63%), sendo a automutilação a com menor frequência (1,15%). Dos que tiveram alguma dermatose psicossomática, 82,33% acreditam que estão relacionadas ao estresse acadêmico, 66,20% se sentem desconfortáveis, e 43,45% já buscaram ajuda médica ou psicológica. A qualidade de vida foi considerada boa por 92,76% no domínio físico, 95,72% no meio ambiente, 88,81% no psicológico e 88,89% nas relações sociais. Houve associação entre a queda da qualidade de vida no domínio físico e a frequência das dermatoses psicossomáticas retirada de cutícula, mordida em lábios ou bochechas (p=0,001), tricotilomania (p=0,055) e prurido psicogênico (p=0,0009); e, no psicológico, com retirada de cutícula, mordida de lábios ou bochechas (p=0,059), escoriações (p=0,087) e prurido psicogênico (p=0,002). Conclusão Dermatoses psicossomáticas são encontradas em mais de 30% dos estudantes; porém, sua associação com a queda de qualidade de vida não pode ser confirmada.

Objective The study aims to compare the frequency of psychosomatic dermatoses occurrences with the quality of life of undergraduate health students. Methods This is an analytical, transversal, and quantitative study. Two online questionnaires were applied to students. The first one was developed by the researchers in order to analyze the frequency of 8 psychodermatoses and their relation to stress, discomfort with the injuries, and search for medical or psychological help. The second, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Group ­ Abbreviated Version, whose domains we determine as good or bad (with averages above or below 50%). To evaluate the relation between dermatoses and quality of life, the chi-square test was performed with p<0.05. Results 608 students participated in the study. The dermatosis found more frequently was excoriation (37.99%), followed by cuticle removal, lip and cheek bite (32.40%), and psychogenic pruritus (14.63%). Self-mutilation was the least frequent form of dermatoses (1.15%). Among those who had some sort of psychosomatic dermatoses, 82.33% believe they were related to academic stress, 66.20% feel uncomfortable, and 43.45% have already sought medical or psychological help. The quality of life was considered good in 92.76% in the physical domain, 95.72% in the environment, 88.81% in the psychological realm, and 88.89% in social relations. There was a relationship between the decrease in quality of life in the physical domain and the frequency of the following psychosomatic dermatoses: cuticle removal, lip or cheek bite (p=0.001), trichotillomania (p=0.055), and psychogenic pruritus (p=0.0009). Decreases in the quality of life as related to the psychological domain were related to cuticle removal, lip or cheek bite (p=0.059), excoriations (p=0.087), and psychogenic pruritus (p=0.002). Conclusion Psychosomatic dermatoses are found in more than one third of students, but their association with decreases in quality of life could not be confirmed.

Tecendo redes de educação construtivista em Deontologia Farmacêutica: formação e dispositivos ativos na arte de ensinar / Building constructivist education networks in Pharmaceutical Deontology: education and active devices in the art of teaching / Cómo tejer redes de educación constructivista en Deontología Farmacéutica: formación y dispositivos activos en el arte de enseñar

As metodologias ativas (MA), apoiadas em abordagens construtivistas de educação, são importantes ferramentas que permitem tecer redes de formação individual e coletiva. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a vivência do uso de MA e do webfólio como ferramentas de formação construtivista em saúde, visando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para o ensino da Deontologia Farmacêutica. Trata-se de um relato de experiência entre educador e educandos do curso de Farmácia. As MA foram: Acolhimento: o colar diversidade; Deontocinéfilos: viagem educacional e formação construtivista; "Quero olhar pelo seu olhar": compartilhamento dos significados percebidos; Plenária ética simulada: construção da ética profissional farmacêutica; e Uso de mapas conceituais. A utilização desses dispositivos de aprendizagem permitiu a materialização do conteúdo ministrado, a aquisição de competências e, dessa maneira, tornou mais fácil compreender o sentido das práticas sanitárias e, consequentemente, sua aplicabilidade na vida profissional.(AU)

Active education methodologies supported by constructivist education approaches are important tools that enable to build individual and collective education networks. The objective of this article was to report the experience of using active learning methodologies and a webfolio with constructivist health education tools to assist teaching in Pharmaceutical Deontology. It is a teacher-student experience report of the Pharmacology course. The active methodologies were: Embracement: the diversity necklace; Deontocinephile: educational trip and constructivist education; "I want to look through your eyes": Sharing perceived meanings; Mock ethical plenary: building a professional pharmaceutical ethics; Using conceptual maps. These learning devices helped materialize the content and develop competencies, being easier to understand the sanitary practices' meaning and their applicability in professional life.(AU)

Las metodologías activas (MA), apoyadas en abordajes constructivistas de educación, son importantes herramientas que permiten tejer redes de formación individual y colectiva. El objetivo de este artículo fue relatar la vivencia del uso de MA y del webfólio como herramientas de formación constructivista en salud, buscando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para la enseñanza de la deontología farmacéutica. Se trata de un relato de experiencia entre educador y educandos del curso de farmacia. Las MA fueron: Acogida: el collar diversidad; Deontocinéfilos: Viaje educativo y formación constructivista; "Quiero mirar por su mirada": Compartición de los significados percibidos; Plenaria ética simulada: construcción de la ética profesional farmacéutica; Uso de mapas conceptuales. La utilización de esos dispositivos de aprendizaje permitió la materialización del contenido dictado y la adquisición de competencias y, de tal forma, se hizo más fácil comprender el sentido de las prácticas sanitarias y, por lo tanto, su aplicabilidad en la vida profesional.(AU)

Frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG a seis agentes infecciosos en los estudiantes de la carrera de Química Biológica / Frequency of IgG antibodies to six infectious agents in students of the Biological Chemistry degree

Se determinó la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii y los virus de paperas, sarampión, rubéola, varicela y hepatitis B en 90 estudiantes de la carrera de Química Biológica de la Facultad de CCQQ y Farmacia. La mayor frecuencia se encontró para rubéola y sarampión, 98.9% para cada prueba y la menor frecuencia fue para T. gondii con 23.3%. No se encontró asociación significativa entre la positividad y el género, entre la positividad a paperas, sarampión, varicela y el haber sufrido la infección o haber estado en contacto con personas infectadas y entre la positividad a T. gondii y el consumir carne roja y/o comida callejera (p > .05). Únicamente en el caso de la hepatitis B se encontró una asociación significativa entre la positividad y la edad (p = < .001), el hecho de estar vacunado (p < .001) y el ser sexualmente activo (p = .004). Los porcentajes de vacunación en la población en estudio fue alta únicamente para hepatitis B (80%), mientras que para las otras infecciones fue 35.6% para rubéola y sarampión, 22.2% para varicela y 10% para paperas. Más de 82% de los estudiantes presentaron protección a los seis agentes estudiados y se recomienda realizar encuestas sero-epidemiológicas constantes, evaluar los programas de inmunización, identificar los grupos a riesgo y que las personas que no presenten anticuerpos se vacunen.

The frequency of IgG antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii and the mumps, measles, rubella, varicella and hepa-titis B viruses was determined in 90 students of the Biological Chemistry career of the Faculty of CCQQ and Pharmacy. The highest frequency was found for Rubella and Measles, 98.9% each, and the lowest frequency was for T. gondii with 23.3%. No significant difference was found between positivity and gender, between positivity to mumps, measles, chicken pox and having suffered infection or having been in contact with infected persons and between positivity to T. gondii and consuming red meat and / or street food (p > .05). Only in the case of Hepatitis B a significant difference between positivity and age (p = .001), the fact of being vaccinated (p = .001) and being sexually active (p = .004 was found. The percentage of vaccination in the study population was high only for He-patitis B (80%), while for the other infections it was 35.6% for rubella and measles, 22.2% for varicella and 10% for mumps. More than 82% of the students presented protection to the six agents studied and it is recommended to carry out constant sero-epidemiological surveys, to evaluate the immunization programs, to identify the risk groups and that people who do not present antibodies get vaccinated.

A formação construtivista de educandos de farmácia na gestão do sus: abordagens e contribuições para ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem / The constructive education of pharmacy students in sus management: approaches and contributions to virtual learning environments / La formación constructiva de educandos de farmacia en la gestión del sus: enfoques y contribuciones en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje

A educação construtivista é uma excelente alternativa para direcionar uma formação farmacêutica com as competências necessárias para atuar no âmbito da gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar a vivência do ambiente virtual como ferramenta de formação construtivista em saúde. Trata-se da experiência entre educador e educandos do curso de farmácia, com uso de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem baseadas no construtivismo. Em busca dessa construção, foi utilizado o webfólio como ferramenta de formação construtivista na disciplina práticas em saúde coletiva II: gestão. Assim, a proposta de utilização desse método é fundamentada à luz da obra de Paulo Freire em simbiose com Manoel de Barros. O processo de aprendizagem com a construção do webfólio e viagem educacional permitiu refletir sobre a realidade da nossa sociedade e a formação de agentes transformadores para gestão do SUS. Assim, os educandos foram empoderados e sensibilizados a seguir com o compromisso de reproduzir a corresponsabilidade no âmbito profissional, buscando a qualidade do atendimento com vistas à integralidade da assistência ao cuidado. A utilização dessas ferramentas foi assertiva por estimular uma formação por competências, interdisciplinaridade, interprofissionalidade, além de permitir nos maravilharmos com novas experimentações por meio de uma sociedade que muda permanentemente.

Constructivist education is an excellent alternative to direct pharmaceutical training with the necessary skills to act within the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS) management. This article reports the experience of virtual environments as a tool for constructivist education in health, namely the experience between educator and Pharmacy students with use of active teaching-learning methodologies based on constructivism. A webfólio was used as a tool for constructivist training in the discipline Practices in Collective Health II: Management. Thus, the theoretical framework is based on the work of Paulo Freire and Manoel de Barros. The learning process with the construction of the webfólio and educational trip allowed to reflect on the reality of our society and the formation of transforming agents for SUS management. Thus, the students were empowered and sensitized to follow the commitment to reproduce co-responsibility in professional settings, seeking the quality of care while aiming for the integrality of care. The use of these tools was assertive as it stimulated education based on competences, interdisciplinarity, interprofessionality, in addition to allowing us to marvel at new experiments through a society that changes permanently.

La educación constructivista es una excelente alternativa para brindar la formación farmacéutica con las competencias necesarias para actuar en el ámbito de la gestión del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Este artículo tiene como objetivo relatar la vivencia del ambiente virtual como una herramienta de formación constructivista en salud. Esta es la experiencia entre educador y alumnos del curso de Farmacia con el uso de metodologías activas de enseñanza-aprendizaje basadas en el constructivismo. Para esa construcción se utilizó el webfólio como herramienta de formación constructivista en la disciplina Prácticas en Salud Colectiva II: Gestión. Así la propuesta de utilización de este método está fundamentada bajo la luz de la obra de Paulo Freire en simbiosis con Manoel de Barros. El proceso de aprendizaje con la construcción del webfólio y el viaje educativo permitió reflexionar sobre la realidad de nuestra sociedad y la formación de agentes transformadores para la gestión del SUS. Los estudiantes fueron empoderados y sensibilizados a seguir con el compromiso de reproducir la corresponsabilidad en el ámbito profesional, buscando la calidad de la atención para la integralidad de la asistencia al cuidado. La utilización de esas herramientas permitió estimular una formación por competencias, interdisciplinaridad, interprofesionalidad, además de sorprendernos con nuevas experiencias en una sociedad que cambia permanentemente.

Consumo de alcohol entre estudiantes de medicina que cursan asignaturas de farmacología I y II / Alcohol consumption among students of pharmacology I and II

Antecedentes: El alcohol es considerada una droga que tiene repercusión negativa en la vida del individuo consumidor activo o no. El consumo de alcohol es multifactorial y preocupa en jóvenes universitarios por ser una droga de fácil acceso, barato y con menos estigma a nivel social. Objetivo: Des-cribir y comparar el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de medicina hombres y mujeres que cursan las asignaturas de Farmacología I y II el primer semestre del año 2017 en la Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud en la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula (EUCS/ UNAH-VS). Pacientes y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo. Población: muestra por conveniencia de 56 estudiantes (28 mujeres y 28 hombres). Se utilizó un instrumento tipo cuestionario para la recolec-ción de datos, previo consentimiento infor-mado. Resultados: El 73%. (41) consumía alcohol. Los resultados revelaron mayor con-sumo en mujeres 43% (24) que en hombres 30% (17). Un 36.7% (20) refiere la ingesta de alcohol en vacaciones y 26.8% (15) después de exámenes. Un 98% (55) conocían de los efectos nocivos del alcohol. Conclusiones:El consumo de alcohol es una práctica en los jóvenes universitarios de las asignaturas de Farmacología I y II. Un alto porcentaje de los estudiantes partícipes de éste estudio ha consumido alcohol, la mayoría lo hace oca-sionalmente. El consumo es mayor por parte de las mujeres. La sustancia más consumida es la cerveza (ambos sexos). La mayoría conoce los efectos nocivos del alcohol, pero no los detiene a consumirlo...(AU)

Relationship Between Stress Level, Fatigue Symptoms, and Sleep Quality with Oral Health Behavior among Preclinical Student Faculty of Pharmacy, Indonesia

Objective: To determine the association of the stress level, fatigue symptoms, and sleep quality with oral health behavior of preclinical pharmacy students. Material and Methods: Observational analytic study surveyed the students of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Hasanuddin University. From the total 205 sample of pharmacy students, 77 students drawn from the 2017 year of study, 68 students from the 2016 year of study, and 60 students from the 2015 year of study. The study consisted of 4 questionnaires, which are Perceived Stress Scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale, Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire and questions that assess oral health behaviors reported per individual. Data were collected and analyzed statistically using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The percentage of oral health behaviors in terms of the frequency of tooth brushing, use of dental floss, use of tongue cleaner and use of mouthwash increase as the year of study. In contrast to the percentage of stress level, awakening difficulties symptoms, sleep disturbance symptoms, daytime sleepiness symptoms and fatigue symptoms tended to decrease according to the year of study. Significant associations found among students who are under stress with the frequency of dental floss (p<0.05). However, no significant association was found between the fatigue symptoms, awakening difficulties symptoms, sleep disturbance symptoms, and daytime sleepiness symptoms with oral health behavior (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is an association between stress levels with the use of dental floss.

Pharmacy students' experiences on smoking cessation campaigns at a tertiary government hospital

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:</strong> Smoking cessation campaigns aim to raise awareness on the dangers of tobacco use and provide help for successful abstinence. Fourth year students of the UP College of Pharmacy implemented activities to promote smoking cessation among patients and clients at a tertiary government hospital. This paper aimed to describe the students' experiences on their project at the hospital during their Hospital Pharmacy course. Key learnings, challenges, and recommendations for the project's improvement, as well as their perceptions on current smoking cessation programs of the government were, likewise, determined.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> The students' activities were documented and described. A descriptive quantitative design using a self-administered online questionnaire was used to determine challenges, key learnings, and recommendations while content analysis was applied on open-ended questions to determine the frequency of responses in common themes identified. Perceptions on current smoking cessation campaigns were also summarized using frequency statistics.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The five approved projects implemented by the students were (1) setting up of smoking cessation booths, (2) display of posters within the hospital premises, (3) distribution of leaflets and reading materials, (4) playing of smoking cessation campaign videos, and (5) the creation of a social media page. Most of the students were challenged in scheduling and delegation of tasks (81.4%) and delays in project implementation (57.6%). They also realized the difficulty of stopping smoking (74.6%) and that it has various root causes (72.9%) that need to be addressed. To improve the project, students recommended collaborations with the hospital (79.7%) and the Department of Health (84.7%) to further smoking cessation programs. Lastly, they perceived that the current smoking cessation program is inadequate or underutilized.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Smoking cessation programs require a multi-sectoral approach to be effective and sustainable, and students can be active partners in their implementation. Pharmacy student smoking cessation-led activities can complement government programs on smoking cessation. Moreover, students can apply what they have learned about smoking cessation while preparing them for their future role as pharmacist-counsellors.</p>

Avaliação das atitudes de colaboração entre estudantes de graduação dos cursos de Farmácia e Medicina na Universidade de São Paulo / Evaluation of collaboration attitudes among undergraduate students of Pharmacy and Medicine courses at the University of São Paulo

A prática farmacêutica vem, ao longo dos anos, mudando o seu foco, uma vez que as mudanças de perfil epidemiológico, como a elevação da expectativa de vida, a diversidade de enfermidades crônicas, bem como a morbimortalidade associada ao uso de medicamentos e o aumento dos gastos com saúde, requerem acompanhamento prolongado de pacientes e abordagem integral que contemple as múltiplas dimensões da assistência à saúde dos usuários e da população em geral, com ênfase em prevenção e educação em saúde. Atributos importantes dos profissionais de saúde incluem, mas não estão limitados, à empatia cognitiva, a colaboração interprofissional e as orientações centradas no paciente. Instrumentos de pesquisa para medir cada um desses atributos foram projetados e validados em diferentes graus. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de cooperação entre estudantes de graduação dos cursos de Farmácia e de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Campus da Capital. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal, quantitativo, com aplicação de questionário online construído e validado especificamente para avaliar o grau de cooperação entre estudantes de todos os anos de graduação dos cursos de Farmácia e de Medicina. Os dados foram coletados por meio do envio do questionário aos estudantes dos dois cursos, o qual contempla dados sócio-demográficos, contato prévio com a prática interprofissional e a versão validada para o português do instrumento "Scale of Attitudes Toward Pharmacist-Physician Collaboration". Foi realizada análise estatística empregandose métodos descritivos (média, mediana e desvio padrão) e inferenciais (Software R - teste t de Student e ANOVA). Com o presente estudo, observou-se que, de maneira geral, os estudantes dos dois cursos são favoráveis às práticas interprofissionais, porém, os dados apontam que os estudantes de Farmácia se mostram mais favoráveis a estas práticas quando comparados aos de Medicina. São necessários mais estudos para aprofundar as causas das diferenças encontradas entre os dois grupos e no que diz respeito à relação das atividades de educação interprofissional e a percepção dos estudantes quanto à colaboração médicofarmacêutico

The pharmaceutical practice has, over the years, changing its focus, since the epidemiological profile changes, such as increased life expectancy, the diversity of chronic diseases, as well as the morbidity and mortality associated with the use of drugs and the increase in health spending, require prolonged follow-up of patients and require comprehensive approach that addresses the multiple dimensions of health care users and the general population, with emphasis on prevention and health education. Important health professionals attributes include, but are not limited to cognitive empathy, interprofessional collaboration, and guidance centered on the patient. Research tools to measure each of these attributes have been designed and validated to varying degrees. The objective of this study is to measure and evaluate the level of cooperation among undergraduate students of Pharmacy and Medicine courses at the University of São Paulo, Campus Capital. It is a transversal, quantitative study with online application of online questionnaire developed and validated specifically to evaluate the level of cooperation between students from all undergraduate years of Pharmacy and Medicine courses. Data will be collected by sending the questionnaire to students from both courses. The questionnaire will be prepared on the basis of the Federal University of Sergipe tool and every student can respond to even just once. It will be performed the statistical analysis employing descriptive methods (mean, median and standard deviation) and inferential (Software R - Student's t-test and ANOVA). With the present study, it was observed that, in general, the students of the two courses are favorable to interprofessional practices, however the data indicate that the students of pharmacy are more favorable when compared to those of medicine. Further studies are necessary to look into the causes of the differences found between the two groups and also regarding the relation of the activities of interprofessional education and the students' perception regarding the physician-pharmacist collaboration

Long Term Assessment of Outcome of Essential Competencies in CPPE at Tertiary and Secondary Hospitals Located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do: College of Pharmacy Students' Evaluation from 2014 to 2018

OBJECTIVE: As the demands of healthcare environment change, it is necessary to advance human health care by improving students' essential competencies including knowledge, skills, abilities, inter-professional collaboration and patient centered care. This study identified long term accomplishment and improvement of the essential competencies in clinical pharmacy practice education (CPPE) at Korean hospitals over time. METHODS: This study was conducted for pharmacy students who completed CPPE evaluation related to tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do regional area from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: Over the past 5 years, overall results of student evaluation on the essential competencies in CPPE at both tertiary and secondary hospitals showed a decreasing trend or did not change. Essential competency in CPPE at tertiary hospitals had been identified as superior on ‘Learn clinical knowledge in the treatment of diseases’ to secondary hospitals [average number of students (%): 210 (72.9%) vs 68 (68.0%)]. On the other hand, essential competencies in CPPE at secondary hospitals had been identified as better at ‘inter-professionals collaborative teamwork and direct patient care’ than tertiary hospitals [average number of students (%): 64 (64.0%) and 56 (56.0%) vs 121 (42.0%) and 90 (31.3%)]. A total of 176 (61.1%) students in tertiary hospitals and 66 (66.0%) in secondary hospitals evaluated that ‘patient-centered care’ education was good. CONCLUSION: In tertiary hospitals, all six essential competency outcomes have not been improved, whereas four essential competency outcomes showed an increasing trend in secondary hospitals. It will be necessary to develop outcome-based CPPE education program to better reflect the essential competencies.

Assessment of vitamin D levels, awareness among Lebanese pharmacy students, and impact of pharmacist counseling

Vitamin D inadequacy, frequently underdiagnosed, affects people of all age groups worldwide. This prospective study aims at determining the percentage of inadequate vitamin D levels among students and evaluating the impact of pharmacist counseling on raising the awareness of the importance of sun exposure and adequate vitamin D intake. A total of 160 university students were recruited. Blood samples were taken to check the vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorous levels. Vitamin D levels 630 ng/mL were defined as inadequate. Scores were given to the questions and aimed at gathering patient knowledge about vitamin D before and after pharmacist counseling. A total of 115 [71.87%] patients had vitamin D levels

Effect of practical training on the learning motivation profile of Japanese pharmacy students using structural equation modeling / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: To establish a model of Japanese pharmacy students' learning motivation profile and investigate the effects of pharmaceutical practical training programs on their learning motivation. METHODS: The Science Motivation Questionnaire II was administered to pharmacy students in their 4th (before practical training), 5th (before practical training at clinical sites), and 6th (after all practical training) years of study at Josai International University in April, 2016. Factor analysis and multiple-group structural equation modeling were conducted for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 165 students participated. The learning motivation profile was modeled with 4 factors (intrinsic, career, self-determination, and grade motivation), and the most effective learning motivation was grade motivation. In the multiple-group analysis, the fit of the model with the data was acceptable, and the estimated mean value of the factor of ‘self-determination’ in the learning motivation profile increased after the practical training programs (P=0.048, Cohen's d=0.43). CONCLUSION: Practical training programs in a 6-year course were effective for increasing learning motivation, based on ‘self-determination’ among Japanese pharmacy students. The results suggest that practical training programs are meaningful not only for providing clinical experience but also for raising learning motivation.

A new experimental community pharmacy internship module for undergraduate pharmacy students in western Nepal: overview and reflections / 보건의료교육평가

Community pharmacies in Nepal and other South Asian countries are in a mediocre state due to poor regulation and the fact that many pharmacies are run by people with insufficient training in dispensing. This has led to the inappropriate use of medicines. The problems due to poor regulation and the mediocre state of community pharmacies in South Asia encompass both academia and clinical practice. In this paper, a 2-week community pharmacy internship programme completed by 2 graduating pharmacy students of Pokhara University (a Nepalese public university) at Sankalpa Pharmacy, Pokhara, Nepal is illustrated. During the internship, they were systematically trained on store management, pharmaceutical care, counselling skills, the use of medical devices, pharmaceutical business plans, medicine information sources, and adverse drug reaction reporting. An orientation, observations and hands-on training, case presentation, discussion, and feedback from 2 senior pharmacists were used as the training method. A proper community pharmacy internship format, good pharmacy practice standards, and a better work environment for pharmacists may improve the quality of community pharmacies.

The Students' Evaluation of Practice Sites and Preceptors in Pharmacy Experiential Education

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the current status of experiential education, by analyzing pharmacy students' satisfaction and evaluation for practice sites and preceptors for 3 years from 2014 through 2016. METHODS: Students evaluated the practice sites and preceptors using a 5-point and a 4-point Likert scale, respectively. Analysis was performed based on the types of curriculums and practice sites. In addition, sub-analysis was conducted based on the types of health-system pharmacy and the community pharmacy. RESULTS: Total 203 students responded to the survey questionnaires. The 3-year average score of students' satisfaction with practice sites was 4.25. In the sub-analysis conducted based on the types of health-system pharmacy, the score was higher in the tertiary hospital pharmacies than that of the general hospital pharmacies (4.49 vs. 4.06, P<0.001). For community pharmacy, the difference in the score of the 3-year analysis was not significant, depending on the types (4.51 vs. 4.33, P=0.054). The average score of students' evaluation on the preceptors was 3.37 in the 3-year analysis. The score was significantly higher for the preceptors of tertiary hospital pharmacies than those of general hospital pharmacies (3.61 vs. 3.25, P<0.001). For community pharmacy, no significant differences were found, depending on the types of pharmacy (3.53 vs. 3.43, P=0.309). CONCLUSION: The students' satisfaction with practice sites and preceptors in pharmacy experiential education was high. However, it varied greatly depending on the types of educational institutions. Mutual effort between university and educational institutions is required, to narrow the gap in the degree of students' satisfaction.

Providing Effective Feedback within Pharmacy Practice Education

Experiential education is a core curriculum of pharmacy education. In experiential education, formative feedback is an integral component of learning and teaching process. Feedback is defined as information provided by a preceptor regarding student's performance based on direct observation. With effective feedback, students can have opportunities to reinforce or correct behaviors and to acquire knowledge or skills. Students highly value and appreciate feedback. They rank provision of effective feedback as one of the most important qualities of preceptors. Preceptors, however, lack an understanding of feedback or practical skills necessary for providing effective feedback. As a result in reality, the feedback provided to students can be differentially effective in improving students' learning. This article describes a theoretical understanding of feedback including definition and value, as well as types of feedback. In addition, practical aspects in providing feedback, such as contents, timing, techniques, and models, are addressed. By understanding the value of feedback and mastering various feedback skills, preceptors will promote students' learning and enhance educational outcomes of experiential education.

Pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reporting system; awareness in Pakistan: pharmacy students and professionals approach and facts

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to assess the pharmacy students and graduate knowledge and awareness about pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reporting [ADR] system in Karachi, Pakistan

Objectives: This study was designed to identify the trends, perception and approaches of pharmacy students and graduate towards current scenarios of pharmacovigilance and ADR contextual to our setting. Study Design: It was cross sectional, qualitative study. Setting: Pharmacy final year students and fresh graduates of two public and two private sector universities were included in the study. Period: Data was collected between January to August, 2015

Method: Relevant information was collected using questionnaire with 18 open ended and 7 close ended questions. 400 final year participants and 150 fresh graduates were incorporated in this survey. SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze the results and Percent, frequencies and mean scores were calculated for various outcomes

Results: Response rate of final year students and fresh graduates was found [97%, n = 388] and [88%, n= 132] respectively. Students level of awareness about pharmacovigilance was found [54%, n =216] in final year students while little higher rates were observed [78%, n=110] in graduates. Concept of pharmacovigilance gained through pharmacy curriculum was calculated 45% rated by final year students. The pharmacovigilance knowledge mean score was found to be 2.368.5 and 2.886.3 for final year students and fresh graduates respectively. 58% total respondents were aware with relationship between the drug and the ADR

Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that pharmacy students of final year in public and private sector universities of Pakistan are aware with some basic knowledge of ADRs and pharmacovigilance, but it is a need of time to incorporate more contents of such aspects in curriculum with some practical exposure that how to report ADRs

Objective structured clinical examination for pharmacy students in Qatar: cultural and contextual barriers to assessment

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and psychometric defensibility of implementing a comprehensive objective structured clinical examination [OSCE] on the complete pharmacy programme for pharmacy students in a Middle Eastern context, and to identify facilitators and barriers to implementation within new settings. Eight cases were developed, validated, and had standards set according to a blueprint, and were assessed with graduating pharmacy students. Assessor reliability was evaluated using inter-class coefficients [ICCs]. Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing OSCE results to professional skills course grades. Field notes were maintained to generate recommendations for implementation in other contexts. The examination pass mark was 424 points out of 700 [60.6%]. All 23 participants passed. Mean performance was 74.6%. Low to moderate inter-rater reliability was obtained for analytical and global components [average ICC 0.77 and 0.48, respectively]. In conclusion, OSCE was feasible in Qatar but context-related validity and reliability concerns must be addressed prior to future iterations in Qatar and elsewhere